Experiences with pregnancy and child-rearing, advice for future mothers, and suggestions for improving the system: a qualitative study of women in neurosurgery.

OBJECTIVE: Neurosurgery is among the most demanding and time-consuming occupations, and with diversity and inclusion initiatives only recently increasing the number of women in the field, efforts still need to be made to help neurosurgery become more accommodating for pregnancy and child-rearing. Thus, the present study sought to be the first to investigate this issue through in-depth qualitative interviews of women in neurosurgery. METHODS: A total of 33 female neurosurgeons participated in semistructured Zoom interviews. Cocoding and thematic analysis were conducted with interview transcripts to determine themes and corresponding subthemes with regard to these women's experiences with pregnancy and child-rearing, advice for future mothers in neurosurgery, and suggestions for improving the field of neurosurgery for those desiring children. RESULTS: Among the 33 participants, 22 (66.7%) had given birth to or adopted at least one child, had at least one stepchild, or were pregnant at the time of the interview. Three themes emerged regarding these 22 women's experiences with pregnancy and child-rearing: 1) challenges with the physiological changes of pregnancy, 2) feelings of guilt and anxiety, and 3) reliance on loved ones for childcare. Three themes emerged among these 22 women's advice for future mothers in neurosurgery: 1) set realistic expectations, 2) take control of your schedule, and 3) realize that there is no "right" time to start a family. Finally, two themes emerged among all 33 participants' suggestions for making neurosurgery more feasible for pregnancy and child-rearing: 1) revamping of on-site resources, and 2) improved guidance on family planning, childbearing, and maternity leave. The most prominent subtheme in the authors' study was a call for improved on-site daycare under the "revamping of on-site resources" theme, with a particular emphasis on 24/7 operation. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' data have illustrated the themes of the experiences and thoughts of women in a field where pregnancy and child-rearing are arguably the most challenging of any occupation. Resources such as improved on-site daycare and organized, program-specific information sets for future mothers appear to comprise a consensus of suggested solutions by the women directly experiencing these challenges. The authors' results may be useful in guiding system-wide changes that may improve the field of neurosurgery for current and future mothers.

Taiwanese fathers' experiences of caring for their children during childhood cancer treatment.

PURPOSE: Parents must manage their own stress and help their child with cancer during the treatment process, both physically and emotionally. With the increased involvement of fathers in caring for the family, how fathers adjust to the stress and play a role in care responsibilities is unknown. This study aimed to explore the fathers' experiences of caring for their ill child during the cancer diagnosis and treatment process. METHOD: This study adopted a qualitative descriptive design and conducted in-depth interviews with 21 fathers with a diagnosed child recruited from a northern Taiwan medical center. Data were managed and analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: Two main categories in the Taiwanese fathers' experiences of caring for their ill child during the cancer diagnosis and treatment process emerged: 1) the maintainer of family stability, and 2) thoughts and value adjustment. Each main category consists of 3-4 generic categories. They make the necessary adjustments between work and family, actively participate in caring for the entire family, and redefine family values. They convey information about the illness to their children, pay attention to the physical and psychological development of the child with cancer, and cherish the time spent together as a family. CONCLUSIONS: During the cancer treatment process, fathers play the roles of the protector and maintainer of family stability and adjust their attitudes and thoughts toward the family members and family life. Healthcare professionals can offer the fathers comprehensive support and improve the family's overall well-being during this demanding period.

From adverse childhood experiences to harsh parenting: Psychological symptoms as a mediator.

BACKGROUND: Research evidence has demonstrated a direct link between ACEs and harsh parenting. However, the mechanisms linking paternal ACEs to harsh parenting have remained largely unexplored among Asian populations. OBJECTIVE: In the current study, we examined the relationships between parental ACEs and harsh parenting and explored the potential mediating effect of psychological symptoms on the relationship between parental ACEs and harsh parenting. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A total of 6195 Taiwanese parents of children aged 6 to 12 were recruited from 58 primary schools in the Taiwanese cities of Taipei and New Taipei. METHOD: Using probability-proportional-to-size sampling and a self-report survey, we collected data relating to parental ACEs, psychological symptoms, and child-rearing behaviors. A hierarchical regression analysis was completed to examine the effects of parental ACEs and psychological symptoms on harsh parenting. In addition, we tested the potential mediating effects of psychological symptoms on the relationship between parental ACEs and harsh parenting by employing a simple mediation model (PROCESS) with a bootstrapping procedure. RESULTS: We found that both parental ACEs and psychological symptoms were significant predictors for mothers' and fathers' adoption of harsh parenting behaviors. Moreover, after adjusting for covariates, we discovered the unique finding that psychological symptoms mediated the relationship between parental ACEs and harsh parenting among Taiwanese parents. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a direct link between parental ACEs and harsh parenting, with psychological symptoms serving as a mediator. Our findings suggest that trauma-recovery programs should promote regular screening and interventions for parents with ACEs.

Intergenerational transmission of parental child-rearing gender-role attitudes and its influence on gender roles in single-parent families.

BACKGROUND: The development of children's gender roles in single-parent families is worthy of attention. It may be affected by family members' gender roles and parental child-rearing gender-role attitudes (PCGA). PCGA will form a consistent or inconsistent intergenerational relationship between parents and children. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the intergenerational similarities in gender roles and PCGA. Also, the intergenerational transmission of parental child-rearing gender-role attitudes (ITPCGA) in single-parent families, and the impact of various family factors on children's gender roles were comprehensively considered. METHOD: Participants were 550 single-parent parent-adolescent dyads. The Gender-role Scale and the Parental Child-rearing Gender-role Attitude Scale were used to evaluate participants' gender-role and PCGA. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the intergenerational similarities in gender roles and PCGA, and the influencing family factors of ITPCGA and children's gender roles. RESULTS: The intergenerational similarities of gender role types and PCGA types existed. Both parents' gender roles and family gender pairs affected ITPCGA, father-daughter families and parents' undifferentiated and sex-typed gender roles significantly predicted undesirable ITPCGA. Family gender pair, parent's gender roles and ITPCGA types affected children's gender roles. Undesirable ITPCGA significantly predicted children's undifferentiated gender roles; father-daughter families and mother-son families, parents' undifferentiated and sex-typed gender roles significantly predicted children's sex-typed gender roles, and mother-son families and parents' reversed gender roles significantly predicted children's reversed gender role. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the effects of single-parent family gender pairs and parents' gender roles on ITPCGA, which influences the development of children's gender roles.

Infant-rearing experiences of parents during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea: a mixed-methods approach.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the infant-rearing experiences of parents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and provide foundational data for the development of infant-rearing support programs during pandemic situations. METHODS: Convergent mixed methods were used to better understand the research outcomes by converging both quantitative and qualitative data. A total of 149 parents with infant-rearing experiences during the pandemic responded to a self-report survey, and 10 parents participated in the interviews. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, the Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression. RESULTS: Analysis of qualitative data yielded the following three categories: five theme clusters, ten themes, and thirty-nine sub-themes. The factors influencing infant-rearing behavior were nuclear family (ß=.34, p<.001) and rearing stress (ß=-.39, p<.001). The explanatory power of the regression equation was 26.6%. CONCLUSION: Infectious disease disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, can quickly alter infant-rearing conditions, causing heightened parental anxiety. This may affect infant-rearing behaviors and hinder healthy infant development. Future research should develop a comprehensive tool to measure holistic health-related parenting behaviors across the different stages of child development. Additionally, pediatric nurse practitioners can play an active role in educating parents, supporting parenting, and promoting healthy infant development in their communities, making pediatric nurse practitioners a highly relevant and necessary healthcare profession during infectious disease disasters. Thus, there is a need to improve institutions and build infrastructure at the national level to support them.

The Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Roles: Evidence From Parents and Children in Single-Parent.

Given the current increases in the divorce rate and the number of single-parent families, the development of gender roles among children from single-parent families has received more and more attention. This study investigated how single parents influenced the formation of their children's gender roles and family-related factors that benefited the development of gender roles in single-parent children. Through in-depth interviews with 24 pairs of parents and children from single-parent families, we investigated single parents' and their children's cognition on gender roles, parents' parenting attitudes and behaviors during their children's gender role development, and communication and interaction between parents and children. Results showed intergenerational consistency in the gender role concepts of parents and their children in single-parent families. However, the children's gender role concepts were not completely and directly inherited from their parents, and could be affected by their subjective initiative. Additionally, single parenting did not necessarily negatively impact children's gender role development, which depends on their parent's parenting style. The study's limitations are discussed, and future directions for in-depth research are suggested.

Influence of perceived parental child-rearing attitudes and ego identity on college adjustment among Korean nursing students.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the relationship between nursing students' perceived parental child-rearing attitude, ego identity, and college adjustment in Korea and explore factors that influence college adjustment. METHODS: This study surveyed 224 nursing students enrolled in universities located in two regions within South Korea. Data were collected from October 14 to November 31, 2019. Perceived parental child-rearing attitude (paternal emotional warmth, paternal rejection, paternal overprotection, maternal emotional warmth, maternal rejection, and maternal overprotection) and ego identity of nursing students were used as independent variables on college adjustment. Collected data were subjected to correlation analysis using SPSS version 26.0 for Windows. Further, regression analysis was performed on the influence of parental child-rearing attitude and ego identity on college adjustment. RESULTS: Among the parental child-rearing attitudes, paternal emotional warmth (r = .30, p < .001), maternal emotional warmth (r = .38, p < .001), and ego identity (r = .71, p < .001) were positively correlated with nursing students' college adjustment, whereas maternal rejection was negatively correlated with ego identity (r = - .28, p < .001) and college adjustment (r = - .15, p = .025). Regression analysis of the effects of nursing students' perceived parental child-rearing attitude and ego identity on college adjustment, with grade as a control variable, revealed that ego identity (p < .001) had a significant effect on college adjustment, and the higher the ego identity (ß = 0.712), the higher the college adjustment. Further, the explanatory power of explaining college adjustment was high at 49.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The nursing students' perceived paternal emotional warmth, maternal emotional warmth, and ego identity were positively correlated with college adjustment. Additionally, ego identity was found as the influencing factor in Korean nursing students' college adjustment. Therefore, programs to strengthen ego identity should be developed and implemented for college adjustment among nursing students.

Risk factors for persistent versus episodic mother-to-infant bonding difficulties in postpartum women in a nationwide Japanese longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: The quality of mother-to-infant bonding (MIB) is a crucial determinant of nurturing behaviors and infant development, with bonding difficulties (MIBD) posing a substantial threat. While it is essential to identify MIBD risk factors, previous studies have generally examined MIBD at one time point, leaving the contributors to persistent MIBD uncertain. This study aims to discern longitudinal risk factors for persistent versus episodic MIBD. METHODS: We evaluated 1833 postpartum Japanese women who delivered in the past twelve months, utilizing the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) and other sociodemographic, health, pregnancy, childbirth, and child-rearing related data (T1). Follow-up data were obtained six months later (T2). MIBD was defined as a MIBS score of five or more, with "persistent" and "episodic" MIBD classified based on its occurrence at both or either one of the time points, respectively. Logistic generalized estimating equations and inverse probability weighting were used to identify risk factors and address selective attribution bias. RESULTS: Of the subjects, 15.8 % reported episodic and 11.3 % reported persistent MIBD. Shared risk factors for both conditions included postpartum depression and low levels of family support (OR = 1.501-6.343). However, pre-pregnancy underweight status (OR = 1.698) was a unique risk factor for episodic MIBD, while first-time motherhood, no or discontinuation of breastfeeding, and later postpartum months (OR = 1.540-3.179) were distinctive risk factors for persistent MIBD. CONCLUSION: We identified both shared and unique risk factors for episodic and persistent MIBD. Particular attention should be afforded to persistent MIBD and early and proactive interventions to mitigate identified risk factors are recommended.

Estrés de la crianza, estilos maternos de alimentación y su relación con el índice de masa corporal del preescolar / Parenting stress, maternal feeding styles related to preschooler body mass index

Introducción: el exceso de peso en la infancia se ve influenciado por múltiples factores; la crianza podría contribuir a este problema, dado que durante la etapa infantil son los padres y principalmente la madre los responsables de proporcionar alimento y de alimentar a sus hijos. Objetivo: explorar la relación del estrés de la crianza y los estilos maternos de alimentación con el IMC del hijo preescolar. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal. Participaron 382 díadas madre e hijo, los últimos de 3-5 años. Los hijos asistían a instituciones públicas de educación preescolar. Las madres participantes contestaron la Escala de Estrés de la Crianza y el Cuestionario de Estilos de Alimentación del Cuidador. Se midió peso, talla y se calculó el IMC del preescolar. Resultados: el 34 % de las madres utilizaban con mayor frecuencia un estilo indulgente y el 28,2 % de los hijos preescolares tenía sobrepeso-obesidad. Las madres con estilo autoritario presentaban el rango promedio más alto de estrés de la crianza comparado con las otras categorías (H = 15,302, gl = 3, p = 0,002). Se identificó que la escolaridad materna, la dimensión de la responsabilidad y la demanda contribuyen al IMC del hijo preescolar. Conclusión: el estrés de la crianza y los estilos de alimentación son variables que contribuyen al riesgo de sobrepeso-obesidad en los hijos preescolares. (AU)

Introduction: excess weight in childhood is influenced by multiple factors; parenting could contribute to this problem, given that during the infant stage the parents, and mainly the mother, are responsible for providing food and feeding their children. Objective: to explore the relationship of parenting stress and maternal feeding styles with preschool BMI. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study. A total of 382 dyads, mother and child (3-5 years of age) participated. The children attended public preschool institutions. Participating mothers completed the Parenting Stress Scale and the Caregiver Feeding Styles Questionnaire. Weight and height were measured, and the child’s BMI was calculated. Results: 34 % of the mothers more frequently used an indulgent style, 28.2 % of the preschool children had overweight-obese. Mothers with an authoritative style had the highest mean range of parenting stress compared to other categories (H = 15.302, gl = 3, p = 0.002). Maternal schooling, responsibility and demand dimensions were identified as contributing to preschooler BMI. Conclusion: parenting stress and feeding styles are variables that contribute to the risk of overweight-obesity in preschool children. (AU)

Hábitos de alimentación infantil y su relación con las prácticas y conocimientos nutricionales parentales

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las prácticas parentales de alimentación, los conocimientos nutricionales de los padres y los hábitos de alimentación infantil reportados por padres de cuatro instituciones educativas del suroccidente de Colombia. Método: Estudio observacional con diseño transversal correlacional. Se analizaron los datos de 1.162 padres de niñas y niños matriculados en los grados de preescolar hasta tercero de primaria de cuatro instituciones educativas públicas, quienes contestaron cuestionarios de autoinforme. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos e inferenciales. Resultados: La dieta de las niñas y los niños se caracteriza por un consumo frecuente de alimentos ultraprocesados y un consumo de frutas y verduras menor de lo esperado. Se encontraron relaciones entre las prácticas parentales de alimentación responsivas y el consumo de alimentos saludables en los hijos, así como entre las prácticas autoritarias y permisivas con el consumo frecuente de alimentos ultraprocesados. El nivel de conocimiento nutricional de los padres no se relacionó con la dieta de las niñas y los niños; sin embargo, se encontró una relación entre las prácticas parentales responsivas, un bajo nivel de conocimientos nutricionales de los padres y una baja frecuencia de consumo de frutas y verduras en los hijos. Conclusión: La alimentación es un fenómeno complejo, e implica la interacción entre los factores individuales y contextuales; en esta medida, la promoción de hábitos saludables involucra un trabajo conjunto en los múltiples niveles de interacción. Se espera que los resultados de este estudio posibiliten la construcción de intervenciones interdisciplinares oportunas, en poblaciones de bajos y medios ingresos en el territorio observado.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between parental feeding practices, parental nutritional knowledge, and child feeding habits reported by parents in four educational institutions in southwestern Colombia. Method: Observational study with correlational cross-sectional design. Data were analysed from 1.162 parents of children enroled in grades from preschool to third grade from four public educational institutions. Parents answered self-report questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. Results: The children's diet is characterised by frequent consumption of ultra-processed food and a lower consumption of fruits and vegetables. Relationships were found between responsive parenting practices and healthy food consumption in children, as well as between authoritarian and permissive practices with frequent consumption of ultra-processed foods. The level of nutritional knowledge of parents was not related to the children's diet; however, a relationship was found between responsive parenting practices, a low level of nutritional knowledge of parents, and a low frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption in children. Conclusion: Eating is a complex phenomenon and involves the interaction between individual and contextual factors. To this extent, the promotion of healthy habits involves joint work at multiple levels of interaction. The results of this study are expected to allow the construction of timely interdisciplinary interventions in low- and middle-income populations in the observed territory.

A Meta-analysis of the Relations Between Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Practices.

The question of why parents parent the way they do is central in parenting studies. Research about the predictors of parenting has been guided by Belsky's classical model of parenting determinants. In this model, socioeconomic status was not explicitly considered as a determinant of parenting. However, there is ample research that came later that found relations between socioeconomic status and parenting. The aim of this study was to find an aggregate estimate of the relations between socioeconomic status and parenting practices using meta-analytic methods. We found that socioeconomic status was positively linked to positive parenting, and negatively linked to negative parenting. In particular, socioeconomic status was positively linked to parental warmth and parental behavioral control, but negatively linked to parental psychological control. The relations between socioeconomic status and positive or negative parenting were not moderated by child's age or sex and did not differ based on the type of socioeconomic status indicator. Moreover, all the correlations were small in magnitude, and were comparable to other predictors of parenting such as parent's depression, parent's personality traits, and child's temperament. Our results suggest that parent's overall socioeconomic status, or its different constituents, supplement Belsky's model of parenting determinants.

Muslim and Christian Women's Perceptions of the Influence of Spirituality and Religious Beliefs on Motherhood and Child-Rearing: A Phenomenological Study.

(1) Background: Spirituality is a factor that plays a role in decisions related to health and illness. When a woman becomes a mother, she undergoes physical, psychological, and social changes for which healthcare professionals must provide the necessary care. However, women may feel misunderstood and stigmatized when they carry out their religious practices and express their spirituality related to motherhood. The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of women with Muslim and Christian religious ideologies on the influence of spirituality and religious beliefs in motherhood and child-rearing. (2) Methods: A descriptive phenomenological qualitative study with two groups of women of Islamic and Christian ideology, respectively. Three focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted, recorded, transcribed, and analyzed with ATLAS.ti 7.0. An inductive analysis was carried out according to the Moustakas model. (3) Results: Three themes were identified: religious and cultural aspects that determine child-rearing, the influence of spirituality and family on the mother's role, and the support received from healthcare personnel. (4) Conclusions: Spirituality and religious beliefs are manifested during motherhood and child-rearing in the form of infant feeding, the need for their protection, or the need for support from mothers. Healthcare personnel must be able to offer culturally competent and spiritually respectful care. Patients should not be judged based on their spirituality.

Wife-Mother Role Conflict at the Critical Child-Rearing Stage: A Machine-Learning Approach to Identify What and How Matters in Maternal Depression Symptoms in China.

Maternal depression (MD) was one of the most prevalent psychiatric problems worldwide. However, it easily remains untreated and misses the best time to prevent the emergence or worsening of major depressive symptoms due to under-observed stigma and the lack of effective screening tools. Thus, this study aims to develop and validate a machine learning-based MD symptoms prediction model integrating more observable and objective factors to early detect and monitor MD risk. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 community vaccination centers in Wenzhou, China, and a total of 1099 mothers were surveyed by using purposive sampling. A questionnaire containing questions regarding socio-demographic variables, psychophysiological variables, wife role-related variables, and mother role-related variables was used to collect data. A framework of data preprocessing, feature selection, and model evaluation was implemented to develop an optimal risk prediction model. Results demonstrated that the XG-Boost algorithm provided robust performance with the highest AUC and well-balanced sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.90, sensitivity = 0.74, specificity = 0.90). Furthermore, the causal mediation analysis indicated that wife-mother role conflict positively predicted MD symptoms, and it also exerted influence on mothers suffering through the mediation of anxiety and insomnia. Findings from the present study may help guide the development of MD screening tools to early detect and provide the modifiable risk factor information for timely tailored prevention.

Percepção dos pais quanto aos impactos da pandemia do covid-19 no processo de aprendizagem infantil / Parents' perception of the impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on the process of childhood learning / Percepción de los padres sobre los impactos de la pandemia de covid-19 en el proceso de aprendizaje del niño

Introdução: Em 2020, a pandemia do COVID-19 mudou o cenário mundial quando a OMS declarou Emergência de Saúde Pública. Com as mudanças temporárias decorrentes da pandemia e por consequência do isolamento social, diversos setores sofreram adaptações e reajustes temporários. Pensando em reduzir os impactos, houve o retorno das aulas através do Ensino Remoto Emergencial (ERE). Com essas mudanças abruptas, o papel da família no processo de aprendizagem infantil ficou cada vez mais primordial. Objetivo: Analisar a aprendizagem de crianças do ensino infantil e fundamental da rede privada, sob a perspectiva dos pais quanto às práticas escolares remotas durante o isolamento social. Método: Estudo transversal, exploratório e de caráter quanti-qualitativo realizado a partir de um questionário contendo questões objetivas e discursivas no formato online. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa com Seres Humanos, sob o número de protocolo 4.473.160. Resultados: Os pais afirmam não terem notado dificuldade na aprendizagem das crianças e que não foi necessário fazer aquisição de aparelhos eletrônicos durante o período. Porém, houve flexibilidade curricular. Os participantes apontam que a maioria das escolas não ofereceram capacitação para utilizar os recursos digitais. E, ainda mencionam que houve mudança de humor e no comportamento das crianças. Conclusão: Em tese, o Ensino Remoto Emergencial foi necessário para a continuidade do processo de aprendizagem, contudo adversidades foram encontradas durante o curso, em virtude das escolas e das famílias não estarem preparadas para essa realidade. (AU)

Introduction: In 2020, the pandemic of COVID-19 changed the world scenario when the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency. With the temporary changes resulting from the pandemic and as a consequence of social isolation, several sectors underwent temporary adaptations and readjustments. To reduce the impact, classes have been resumed through Emergency Remote Education (ERE). With these abrupt changes, the family's role in the children's learning process became more and more primordial. Objective: To analyze the learning of children in kindergarten and elementary school in the private network, from the perspective of parents regarding remote school practices during social isolation. Method: Cross-sectional, exploratory, quantitative-qualitative study was carried out using a questionnaire containing objective and discursive questions in an online format. The research was approved by the Ethics and Research with Human Beings Committee, under protocol number 4.473.160. Results: Parents state that they did not notice any difficulty in the children's learning and that it was not necessary to make purchases of electronic devices during the period. However, there was curricular flexibility. The participants pointed out that most schools did not offer training to use digital resources. And, they also mention that there was a change in the mood and behavior of the children. Conclusion: In theory, Emergency Remote Learning was necessary for the continuity of the learning process, but adversities were encountered during the course because schools and families were not prepared for this reality. (AU)

Introducción: En 2020, la pandemia de COVID-19 cambió el escenario mundial cuando la OMS declaró Emergencia de Salud Pública. Los cambios temporales derivados de la pandemia y consecuencia del aislamiento social, varios sectores sufrieron adaptaciones y reajustes temporales. Con el fin de reducir los impactos, se reanudaron las clases a través del Aprendizaje a Distancia de Emergencia (ADE). Con estos cambios abruptos, el papel de la familia en proceso de aprendizaje de los niños se volvió cada vez más importante. Objetivo: Analizar el aprendizaje de los niños en las escuelas de infantil y primaria de la red privada, desde la perspectiva de los padres en relación a las prácticas de la escuela a distancia durante aislamiento social. Método: Estudio transversal, exploratorio y de carácter cuantitativo-cualitativo realizado a partir de un cuestionario conteniendo cuestiones objetivas y discursivas en formato online. La investigación fue aprobada por Comité de Ética e Investigación con Seres Humanos, bajo el número de protocolo 4.473.160. Resultados: Los padres afirman que no notaron dificultad en el aprendizaje de los niños y no fue necesaria adquisición de aparatos electrónicos durante período. Hubo flexibilidad curricular. Los participantes señalan que mayoría de las escuelas no ofrecían formación para utilizar los recursos digitales. También mencionan que hubo cambio de humor y en el comportamiento de los niños. Conclusión: En tesis, el ADE fue necesario para continuidad del proceso aprendizaje, sin embargo, se encontraron adversidades durante el curso, debido que las escuelas y las familias no estaban preparadas para esta realidad. (AU)

Experiences of nurses managing parenthood and career. A systematic review and meta-synthesis.

AIM: Consolidate and synthesize evidence on working nurse-parent experiences of parenthood. BACKGROUND: Demands in healthcare strain the workforce, causing burnout and high turnover rates, especially among nurses. Balancing work and family responsibilites is even more challenging for nurse-parents. INTRODUCTION: Nursing is highly stressful, and the experiences of nurse-parents are under-researched highlighting the need to better understand and support nurse-parents in their dual roles. METHODS: Seven databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science) were systematically searched for published and unpublished primary qualitative studies. Extracted data were meta-summarized and synthesized using Sandelowski and Barroso's approach. FINDINGS: Twelve peer-reviewed studies, conducted between 2007 and 2022, investigated the challenges faced by 339 female nurse-parents across various countries. The meta-synthesis revealed two main themes: (a) Clashes of dual roles, and (b) Accept, adapt, and compromise, which were supported by six subthemes. Nurse-parents struggled with dual roles, often neglected self-care, and experienced work-family conflicts. However, they learned to accept their situations, adapt by seeking help from family, friends, and colleagues, and compromise on career aspirations to prioritize their families. The importance of organizational support and flexibility in accommodating their dual roles was emphasized. DISCUSSION: Female nurse-parents face challenges in balancing their dual roles, resulting in fatigue, compromised self-care, and limited social interactions. The culture of self-sacrifice in nursing contributes to these challenges, impacting patient safety. Supportive interventions like mindfulness programs and exercise classes can promote well-being. Staffing shortages and shift work further affect the work-life balance for nurse-parents. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: Creating a supportive work environment for nurse-parents is crucial. Family-friendly shifts revised parental leave policies, and improved childcare support are needed. Supporting nurse-parents benefits their well-being and enhances patient care. Collaboration between healthcare organizations and policymakers is essential to address workforce shortages and implement changes.

Associating Parental Efficacy with the Utility of Smart Devices: A Cross-Sectional Study of Their Role in Alleviating Maternal Parenting Concerns among Infants Aged 6-11 Months.

In digital societies, the use of smart devices to solve childcare problems has become commonplace. Mothers are influenced both positively and negatively by smart devices used to resolve childcare concerns. Focusing on parental self-efficacy, this study identified the factors associated with relief and anxiety caused by the use of smart devices to eliminate parenting concerns among mothers with infants. A random sampling cross-sectional survey was administered to 257 Japanese mothers with infants aged 6-11 months. Structural equation modeling was used to explain the relief and anxiety caused by their use of smart devices in terms of maternal demographics, parental self-efficacy, smart-device dependence, and confidence in their ability to discriminate information. Mothers with high parental self-efficacy experienced increased relief and reduced anxiety by using smart devices to address concerns about child-rearing practices. Mothers who were highly dependent on smart devices felt more secure with their use of smart devices. Homemakers and highly educated mothers who used smart devices because of concerns regarding child health and development experienced more anxiety. Parenting professionals need to recognize the effectiveness of smart devices as a tool to relieve anxiety in parenting and provide additional support for parents to improve their parenting self-efficacy.

Estilos de crianza parental y consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes y jóvenes escolarizados / Parenting styles and use of tobacco and alcohol in adolescents and young persons enrolled in school

Objetivo: describir la asociación de los estilos de crianza parental con el consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes y jóvenes del norte del estado de Nuevo León, México.Método: estudio descriptivo transversal. Población formada por estudiantes de 15 a 23 años de preparatoria y universitarios (N= 1.562) seleccionados por muestreo estratificado. Se midieron variables demográficas y de consumo de sustancias, así como el estilo de crianza percibido en padre y madre mediante la Escala de Steinberg (democrático, indulgente, autoritario, negligente). Se realizó estadística descriptiva y modelos de regresión lineal.Resultados: participaron 448 estudiantes. El 49,6% había consumido tabaco y el 76,6% alcohol alguna vez. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el consumo de alcohol en función del estilo de crianza maternal, más frecuente en caso de estilo negligente (87%). A nivel multivariante, el estilo de crianza negligente del padre (β= 0,15) y mayor edad (β= 0,30) se asociaron a mayor cantidad de cigarros fumados en un día normal (R2= 0,08; p < 0,001). El estilo de crianza democrático de la madre (β= -0,16) y ser hombre (β= -0,25) explicaron una menor cantidad de copas consumidas en un día típico (R2= 0,08; p < 0,001).Conclusiones: la mitad de las personas participantes había consumido alguna vez tabaco y tres cuartas partes alcohol. Percibir al padre con estilo de crianza negligente aumentó la cantidad de tabaco consumido en un día típico. El estilo de crianza democrático de la madre se asoció a menor cantidad de alcohol consumido en un día típico.(AU)

Objective: to describe the association between parental styles and use of tobacco and alcohol in adolescents and young persons from the northern Nuevo León state, Mexico.Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study. The population was formed by 15-to-23-year-old high school and university students (N= 1.562) selected through stratified sampling. Demographic variables and use of substances were measured, as well as the parenting style perceived in their father and mother through the Steinberg Scale (democratic, indulgent, authoritative, neglectful). Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were conducted.Results: in total, 448 students participated in the study; 49.6% of them had smoked and 76.6% had used alcohol at some point. Statistically significant differences were found in the use of alcohol according to the parenting style by their mother, more frequent in the case of neglectful style (87%). At multivariate level, the neglectful parenting style by the father (β= 0.15) and older age (β= 0.30) were associated with a higher number of cigars smoked in a typical day (R2= 0.08; p < 0.001). The democratic parenting style by the mother (β= -0.16) and being male (β= -0.25) explained a lower number of drinks taken during a typical day (R2= 0.08; p < 0.001).Conclusions: half of the participants had smoked at some time, and three fourths of them had drank alcohol. Perceiving a neglectful parenting style in the father increased the amount of tobacco used in a typical day. The democratic parenting style of the mother was associated with a lower volume of alcohol taken in a typical day.(AU)

Activity Behaviors Before and During Pregnancy Are Associated With Women's Device-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Later Parenthood: A Longitudinal Cohort Analysis.

PURPOSE: To explore how activity behaviors before/during pregnancy relate to those in later parenthood, we assessed associations between sitting and moderate-/strenuous exercise before/during pregnancy, and sedentary time (SED) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) 4-7 years postpartum ("later parenthood"). METHODS: Longitudinal data were from the Southampton Women's Survey, United Kingdom. Women reported time spent sitting (in hours per day), in moderate-strenuous exercise (hours per week), and in strenuous exercise (hours per week) at 3 time points before/during pregnancy (ie, preconception, at ∼12-wk and ∼34-wk gestation). From this, we derived 3 behavior trajectories for each woman. In later parenthood, women wore an accelerometer for ≤7 days (mean: 5.4 [SD: 1.8] d), which we used to derive 2 outcomes: minutes per day SED and in MVPA. Multilevel linear regression was used to explore associations between trajectories before/during pregnancy and device-measured SED/MVPA in later parenthood. RESULTS: A total of 780 women provided valid data before/during pregnancy and in later parenthood. Consistent high sitters (vs low) were more sedentary 4-7 years postpartum (ß = 39.5 min/d [95% confidence interval, 23.26 to 55.82]), as were women in groups who sat more in later pregnancy. Consistently high moderate/-strenuous exercisers (vs low) were 22% (95% confidence interval, 2%-47%) more active in later parenthood; those engaging in strenuous activity preconception tended to have higher MVPA as parents. CONCLUSIONS: Trajectories of sitting and exercise before/during pregnancy are associated with SED and MVPA, respectively, in later parenthood. Interventions to reduce sitting in pregnancy and to encourage higher intensity activity preconception may benefit maternal and child health.

"What Services?": Stakeholders' Perceived Unmet Support Needs for Parents With Neurological Disorders.

Background. Knowledge about the needs of parents with neurological disorders who take care of young children is limited. Purpose. The overall aim of this qualitative study was to explore the perceived unmet parent needs, current supports, and potential solutions to optimize supports of parents with neurological disorders in early childhood in a Canadian setting. Method. Focus groups and individual interviews with parents (n = 8), spouses (n = 5), rehabilitation clinicians (n = 8), community partners (n = 7), and researchers (n = 7) were conducted with a total of 35 participants recruited using convenience sampling. Inductive iterative thematic analysis was performed. Findings. The participants identified the need for society to officially recognize parenting with disabilities, adjust public policies, increase the scope of public programs, consider child development and family well-being, and have barrier-free communities. Conclusion. Providing customized solutions that will adequately fill perceived service gaps is of utmost importance to address these families' needs.